Question: The ‘Goldberg Variations’ by Johann Bach were written for what musical instrument?
Show answer
Harpsichord.
The “Goldberg Variations,” composed by Johann Sebastian Bach, is a work written for the harpsichord and is one of the most important examples of variation form in classical music. Officially titled “Clavier-Übung consisting of an ARIA with diverse variations for harpsichord with two manuals,” the work was first published in 1741. The choice of the harpsichord, especially one with two manuals (keyboards), was significant because it allowed for the complex interplay of voices and the expansive use of the instrument’s range that Bach required for the intricate variations.
The “Goldberg Variations” consist of an aria followed by 30 variations. The aria, which is a graceful sarabande, provides the thematic material that is ingeniously developed across the variations. Each variation presents a different approach, ranging from virtuosic bursts of speed to more introspective, canon-based constructions. What is particularly notable about this piece is that the variations aren’t just a sequence of embellishments over a constant bass line or melody, but rather intricate, independent pieces that explore a variety of styles and techniques.
The name “Goldberg Variations” comes from a story, though possibly apocryphal, involving Johann Gottlieb Goldberg, who was a young musician in the service of Count Keyserlingk, a Russian ambassador. According to early Bach biographer Johann Nikolaus Forkel, the Count was often ill and had insomnia, and he asked Bach to compose some music for Goldberg to play during his sleepless nights, hoping it would ease his restlessness.
While primarily composed for the harpsichord, the “Goldberg Variations” have been transcribed for many other instruments and ensembles, including piano, string trio, and guitar. Notably, the work gained renewed popularity in the 20th century through the landmark 1955 recording by Canadian pianist Glenn Gould. His interpretation, played on the piano, brought a new level of attention to the work and demonstrated its versatility across different keyboard instruments. Bach’s work here is an exemplary showcase of baroque keyboard artistry, offering both a technical challenge and a deep, interpretative canvas for musicians.
